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Grand Theft Oud

They Stole the Music Too?

Canard rating4/5

The canard

Israelis and Jews stole Arab music.

Accusing people of stealing the songs they composed, the radio orchestras they founded, and the maqam they kept alive is a bold genre. Enjoy your prize: the liner notes.

The receipts

Jewish musicians were not thieves of Arab music but among its founders and guardians: they staffed and led Iraq's first radio orchestra, helped shape Egypt's classical song and golden-age cinema, and were master custodians of the Arab-Andalusian repertoires of the Maghreb. The maqam and the Andalusi nuba are a shared regional inheritance, and today Mizrahi artists in Israel actively preserve and revive that heritage.

  1. 1

    Jews didn't borrow modern Iraqi music — they built its institutions. The Iraqi delegation to the landmark 1932 Cairo Congress of Arab Music was almost entirely Jewish: every instrumentalist was a Jewish musician from Baghdad, with only the lead singer, Muhammad al-Qabbanji, being Muslim. When Iraqi national radio launched in 1936, its founding orchestra was built by the brothers Saleh and Daoud al-Kuwaiti, and every instrumentalist except the percussionist was Jewish; Saleh was asked to form and lead the ensemble and introduced the cello and nay into it. He is widely regarded as a father of the modern Iraqi song.[1][4][5][2][3]

  2. 2

    You cannot steal the song you wrote. The al-Kuwaiti brothers (Saleh and Daoud) composed for the Arab world's biggest names, including Salima Murad, Nazem al-Ghazali and Afifa Iskandar, and are credited with works performed by Egyptian giants Umm Kulthum and Mohammed Abdel Wahab. After they emigrated to Israel in 1951, Iraqi and Kuwaiti state radio kept broadcasting their songs for decades — often stripped of the composers' names following the political rupture, despite the music's Jewish authorship.[2][1]

  3. 3

    In Egypt, Daoud Hosni (born David Hayyim Levy, a Karaite Jew) was one of the architects of the modern Arabic art-song: he composed hundreds of works, was a major figure of the 1932 Cairo Music Congress, composed for Umm Kulthum, is credited with discovering Asmahan, and wrote the first full-length opera in Arabic (Samson and Delilah). Egyptian cinema's beloved screen singer Layla Murad, daughter of the Jewish cantor-composer Zaki Murad, was among the defining voices of its golden age.[7][6]

  4. 4

    Across North Africa, Jews were master custodians of Arab-Andalusian classical music. Cheikh Raymond Leyris was the 'undisputed master' of Constantine's malouf, respected by Muslims and Jews alike; his pupil and son-in-law became the singer Enrico Macias (Raymond was assassinated in 1961). Saoud l'Oranais was Oran's Andalusian master and the teacher of Reinette l'Oranaise; he was deported and murdered at the Sobibor extermination camp in 1943. In Morocco, Zohra El Fassia, honored as a cheikha (master) of malhun and described as 'the most renowned of Moroccan female vocalists,' sang at the court of King Mohammed V.[8][9][10][11]

  5. 5

    The maqam and the Andalusi nuba are a shared Arab-Jewish inheritance from al-Andalus, not anyone's exclusive property. North African Jews wove the nuba into their liturgy and paraliturgy (the baqqashot and piyyutim), and ethnomusicologists note that some parts of the Andalusian tradition survived only because Jewish communities preserved them.[12]

  6. 6

    Far from erasing Arab music, Mizrahi (Arab-Jewish) musicians in Israel are reviving it. Dudu Tassa re-records the Iraqi songs of his grandfather and great-uncle, the al-Kuwaitis ('Iraq 'n' Roll'), and Neta Elkayam recovers the repertoire of Moroccan Jewish women recorded in 1950s transit camps. Scholars describe it as a generation reconnecting with the Arabic-language music their families carried with them.[13]

Sources

  1. [1]The Jewish Role in Iraqi MusicThe Scribe: Journal of Babylonian Jewry (Issue 72) — Internet Archive snapshotHeritage journal of the Babylonian (Iraqi) Jewish community. Archived (HTTPS-safe) snapshot used because the live dangoor.com site has a broken HTTPS certificate. Documents that the 1932 Cairo Congress Iraqi delegation was entirely Jewish except the singer al-Qabbanji, that when Iraqi radio was founded in 1936 the whole instrumental ensemble except the percussionist was Jewish, and that Saleh al-Kuwaiti was asked to form the radio music ensemble and introduced the cello and nay. Independently corroborated by the Wikipedia 'Music of Iraq' and 'Saleh and Daoud Al-Kuwaity' articles below.
  2. [2]Saleh and Daoud Al-KuwaityWikipediaSaleh considered the father of the modern Iraqi song (Iraqi maqam) and an early pioneer of Kuwaiti sawt; composed for Salima Murad/Pasha, Nazem al-Ghazali, Afifa Iskandar, Umm Kulthum and Mohammed Abdel Wahab; emigrated to Israel in 1951; Iraqi and Kuwaiti state radio kept broadcasting their music after the rupture while omitting the composers' names and Jewish identity.
  3. [3]Music of IraqWikipediaIndependent corroboration that in 1936 Iraq Radio was established by the Jewish musicians Saleh and Daoud al-Kuwaity with an ensemble in which every player except the percussionist was Jewish, and that the radio ensemble used the nay-and-cello format — supporting the otherwise community-sourced cello/nay detail.
  4. [4]The Greatness and Neglect of Iraq's Jewish MusiciansAuxsons (Zone Franche / world-music magazine)Confirms that the Iraqi instrumental delegation to the 1932 Cairo Congress of Arab Music was Jewish, with the singer Muhammad al-Qabbanji the notable Muslim exception, and surveys the central role of Jewish musicians in modern Iraqi music.
  5. [5]Salah El KuweitiJewish Music Research Centre, Hebrew University of JerusalemAcademic source confirming Saleh al-Kuwaiti headed the Iraqi broadcasting channel ensemble and programmed its music for several years, corroborating his leadership of the radio orchestra.
  6. [6]Dawud Husni (1870-1937)AMAR Foundation for Arab Music Archiving & ResearchDocuments Daoud Hosni's central role in early-20th-century Egyptian music: compositions for Umm Kulthum, Layla Murad, Asmahan and Zaki Murad, the 1906 Paris prize, the 1932 Cairo conference, his crediting with discovering Asmahan, and the first full opera composed in Arabic (Samson and Delilah).
  7. [7]Hayrana Laih (on Daoud Hosni and Layla Murad)Jewish Music Research Centre, Hebrew University of JerusalemAcademic source confirming Daoud Hosni was a Karaite Jew (David Hayyim Levy), a leading figure of modern Egyptian music with 500+ songs, and that he composed Hayrana Laih (1932) for the Egyptian Jewish singer Layla Murad, daughter of cantor-composer Zaki Murad.
  8. [8]Cheikh Raymond: The Art of Constantine MaloufInstitut Europeen des Musiques Juives (European Institute of Jewish Music)Cheikh Raymond Leyris as the undisputed master of Constantine's Arab-Andalusian malouf; assassinated in 1961; his protege Gaston Ghrenassia became Enrico Macias.
  9. [9]Cheikh RaymondWikipediaConfirms Cheikh Raymond Leyris was respected by both Jews and Muslims (given the title 'Cheikh'), was a master of Constantine malouf, was assassinated on 22 June 1961, and that Gaston Ghrenassia (Enrico Macias) married his daughter Suzy — i.e. was his son-in-law, not his biological son.
  10. [10]Messaoud El Mediouni (Saoud l'Oranais)WikipediaSaoud l'Oranais as the Oran Andalusian master and teacher of Reinette l'Oranaise; deported and murdered in the gas chambers at the Sobibor extermination camp on 23 March 1943.
  11. [11]Zohra El FassiaJewish Women's Archive, Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish WomenMoroccan Jewish singer honored as cheikha/maalema (master) and a central figure of the malhun recording tradition; deemed 'the most renowned of Moroccan female vocalists'; sang frequently at the palace of King Mohammed V, who gifted her a dress; later emigrated to Israel. (Reachable in a normal browser; blocks automated fetchers.)
  12. [12]Andalusian NubaJewish Music Research Centre, Hebrew University of JerusalemOn the Andalusi nuba as a shared Arab-Jewish heritage; Jews adopted it into liturgy and paraliturgy (baqqashot, piyyutim), and some parts of the Andalusian tradition were preserved only through Jewish traditions.
  13. [13]Discover the Mesmerizing Fusion of Arab and Jewish MusicBrandeis University, The Jewish Experience (2021)Mizrahi artists (Dudu Tassa re-recording the al-Kuwaitis' Iraqi songs; Neta Elkayam recovering Moroccan Jewish women's repertoire) reviving Arab-Jewish musical traditions; quotes Prof. Yuval Evri.

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